Комментарий к Бава Кама 4:2
שׁוֹר שֶׁהוּא מוּעָד לְמִינוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מוּעָד לְשֶׁאֵינוֹ מִינוֹ, מוּעָד לְאָדָם וְאֵינוֹ מוּעָד לִבְהֵמָה, מוּעָד לִקְטַנִּים וְאֵינוֹ מוּעָד לִגְדוֹלִים, אֶת שֶׁהוּא מוּעָד לוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם נֶזֶק שָׁלֵם, וְאֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ מוּעָד לוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֶזֶק. אָמְרוּ לִפְנֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה, הֲרֵי שֶׁהָיָה מוּעָד לְשַׁבָּתוֹת וְאֵינוֹ מוּעָד לְחֹל. אָמַר לָהֶם, לַשַּׁבָּתוֹת מְשַׁלֵּם נֶזֶק שָׁלֵם, לִימוֹת הַחֹל מְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֶזֶק. אֵימָתַי הוּא תָם. מִשֶּׁיַּחֲזֹר בּוֹ שְׁלשָׁה יְמֵי שַׁבָּתוֹת:
Если бы вол был муадом для (животных) своего рода, а не муадом для (животных) не своего рода; муад для людей, а не муад для зверей; Муад для маленьких (животные) [т.е. телята], а не Муад для больших—за то, что он муад, он платит полный незек, а за то, что он не муад, он платит половину незек. Они [его ученики] спросили Р. Иегуду: что такое [галаха], если это была муада для суббот, а не для будней? [("Муад для субботы" :) Потому что тогда он не работает, и его "разум" свободен; или же, потому что он видит людей в нарядах в субботу, они кажутся ему странными, а он их не узнает.] Он ответил: «В субботу он платит полный незек, а в будние дни - половину незек». Когда он снова становится там? После отказа от трех суббот. [Если, будучи (подтвержденным как) муадом для субботы, они проходят перед ним волами в три субботы, и он не принимает их, он возвращается к своему статусу там, после чего, если он снова течет, он платит только половину -nezek.]
Rambam on Mishnah Bava Kamma
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Kamma
They said in front of Rabbi Judah: “What if it is an attested danger on the Sabbath, and it is not an attested danger during the week?” He said to them: “For [injuries done on] Sabbaths [its owner] pays full damages and for [injuries done] during the week [its owner] pays half damages.” When will this ox be considered harmless? After it refrains from doing injury for three Sabbath days.
Our mishnah continues to discuss the meaning of the concepts of muad, an ox which is an attested danger, and tam, an ox which is considered harmless. We have already mentioned many times that a muad is an ox that has already injured three times (see chapter 2 mishnah 4). If it should damage again it’s owner will be obligated for full damages, and not half damages as is obligated the owner of a tam. Our current mishnah will clarify that an ox (or any animal) can be considered a muad for some types of injury and a tam for others.
The first section of the mishnah deals with an ox that is known to damage certain types of animals or people but not others. For instance it is known to damage other oxen, but not sheep, or people but not animals, or children but not adults. In each of these cases the ox can be treated as a muad for specific things but a tam for others. The reasoning is that since it is known to injure, for example children, its owner must be extra careful around children. However, around adults, the owner can be less concerned and therefore he will only be liable for half damages.
The second section of the mishnah discusses the idea that an ox might be known to damage on certain days. This is a somewhat more perplexing idea. After all, it seems logical that an ox might become more testy around other oxen and be less bothered by sheep. Section one’s distinctions are therefore logical. However, one might not imagine that an ox is smart enough to know the difference between days of the week. Nevertheless, Rabbi Judah concludes that if we have evidence that an ox is more likely to attack on the Sabbath it could become a muad just for that day. At the end of the mishnah we learn that in order for this ox to revert to tam status, it would have to refrain specifically from its muad behavior. Therefore a muad for the Sabbath would have to refrain from injuring on the Sabbath itself, and not just during the week.